Population reduction in salt intake for the prevention of cardiovascular disease the Four Imperatives: Difference between revisions

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Population reduction in salt intake for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: the “Four Imperatives”}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Population reduction in salt intake for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: the “Four Imperatives”}}
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{{#seo:
|title=The “Black Swan Principle” and the Genetics of Complex Diseases - Top Italian Scientists Journal
|title=Population reduction in salt intake for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: the “Four Imperatives” - Top Italian Scientists Journal
|description=The black swan principle is a philosophy theory created by Nassim Nicholas Taleb that seeks to explain rare and unpredictable events, appearances that seem to defy logic or rational explanation.
|description=Salt consumption is now much greater than needed for survival.
|keywords=Black Swan Principle; Genetics of Complex Diseases
|keywords=sodium, population, reduction, blood pressure, CVD, policy, WHO.
|citation_author=Novelli, Giuseppe; Reichardt, Juergen K V
|citation_author=Cappuccio, Francesco P
|citation_journal_title=Top Italian Scientists Journal  
|citation_journal_title=Top Italian Scientists Journal  
|citation_publication_date=2024/01/13
|citation_publication_date=2024/03/01  
|citation_title=The “Black Swan Principle” and the Genetics of Complex Diseases
|citation_title=Population reduction in salt intake for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: the “Four Imperatives”
|citation_keywords=Black Swan Principle; Genetics of Complex Diseases
|citation_keywords=sodium, population, reduction, blood pressure, CVD, policy, WHO.
|citation_publisher=Top Italian Scientists
|citation_publisher=Top Italian Scientists
|citation_volume=1
|citation_volume=1
|citation_issue=1
|citation_issue=2
|citation_pdf_url=https://journal.topitalianscientists.org/images/5/53/The_Black_Swan_Principle_and_the_Genetics_of_Complex_Diseases.pdf
|citation_pdf_url=https://journal.topitalianscientists.org/images/1/11/Population_reduction_in_salt_intake_for_the_prevention_of_cardiovascular_disease_the_Four_Imperatives.pdf
|citation_abstract_html_url=https://journal.topitalianscientists.org/The_Black_Swan_Principle_and_the_Genetics_of_Complex_Diseases
|citation_abstract_html_url=https://journal.topitalianscientists.org/Population_reduction_in_salt_intake_for_the_prevention_of_cardiovascular_disease_the_Four_Imperatives
|citation_doi=-
|citation_doi=-
|citation_issn=3033-5132
|citation_issn=3033-5132
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| '''Published'''
| '''Published'''
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| January 13, 2024
| March 1, 2024
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| '''Title'''  
| '''Title'''  
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| style="width:200px;" | The “Black Swan Principle” and the Genetics of Complex Diseases
| style="width:200px;" | The “Black Swan Principle” and the Genetics of Complex Diseases
|-  
|-  
| '''Authors'''
| '''Author'''
|-
|-
|  Giuseppe Novelli, Juergen K V Reichardt
|  Francesco P Cappuccio
|-
|-
| '''Keywords'''
| '''Keywords'''
|-
|-
| Black Swan Principle; Genetics of Complex Diseases
| salt, sodium, population, reduction, blood pressure, CVD, policy, WHO.
|-
|-
| '''Downloads'''
| '''Downloads'''
|-
|-
|  style="text-align: center;" | [[File:PDF_file_icon.png|center|50px|'''Download PDF'''|link=https://journal.topitalianscientists.org/images/5/53/The_Black_Swan_Principle_and_the_Genetics_of_Complex_Diseases.pdf]]
|  style="text-align: center;" | [[File:PDF_file_icon.png|center|50px|'''Download PDF'''|link=https://journal.topitalianscientists.org/images/1/11/Population_reduction_in_salt_intake_for_the_prevention_of_cardiovascular_disease_the_Four_Imperatives.pdf
]]
|}
|}
'''[https://topitalianscientists.org/tis/2359/Giuseppe_Novelli_-_Top_Italian_Scientist_in_Biomedical_Sciences Giuseppe Novelli]'''<sup>(a)</sup>, '''Juergen K V Reichardt'''<sup>(b)</sup>
'''[https://topitalianscientists.org/tis/18877/Francesco_P_Cappuccio_-_Top_Italian_Scientist_in_Clinical_Sciences Francesco P Cappuccio]'''


<sup>(a)</sup>Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, 89557, Reno, NV, USA.
Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV6 7AL (United Kingdom). f.p.cappuccio@warwick.ac.uk
 
<sup>(b)</sup>Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia.
 
''Correspondence to'': novelli@med.uniroma2.it


==Abstract==
==Abstract==
The black swan principle is a philosophy theory created by Nassim Nicholas Taleb that seeks to explain rare and unpredictable events, appearances that seem to defy logic or rational explanation. These events, termed "Black Swans," have been observed in various domains, including finance, public administration, infectious diseases, and ecology. The concept of Black Swans has gained recently, significant attention in academia and practice due to its relevance in understanding extreme and rare occurrences. The “black swan” concept has been used in genetics for the unexpected developments that genome sequencing would reveal and which could have consequences for healthcare systems (e.g., increase in often unnecessary and inappropriate diagnostic investigations, increase in non-patients, etc.).
Salt consumption is now much greater than needed for survival. High salt intake increases blood pressure in both animals and humans. Conversely, a reduction in salt intake causes a dose-dependent reduction in blood pressure in men and women of all ages and ethnic groups, and in patients already on medication. The risk of strokes and heart attacks rises with increasing blood pressure, and a reduction of blood pressure with drugs reduces the risk. However, most events occur in individuals with ‘normal’ blood pressure levels. Non-pharmacological prevention is therefore the only option to reduce such events in the population at large. Reduction in population salt intake reduces the number of vascular events. It is one of the most important public health measures to reduce the global cardiovascular burden. Salt reduction policies are feasible and effective (preventive imperative), cost-saving (economic imperative), powerful, rapid, equitable (political imperative) and life-saving (moral imperative). The World Health Organization recommends reducing salt consumption by 30% globally by 2025, aiming to reduce salt consumption to less than 5g per day, eventually.




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[[Category:Clinical Sciences]]

Revision as of 11:36, 1 March 2024

Published
March 1, 2024
Title
The “Black Swan Principle” and the Genetics of Complex Diseases
Author
Francesco P Cappuccio
Keywords
salt, sodium, population, reduction, blood pressure, CVD, policy, WHO.
Downloads
Download PDF
Download PDF

Francesco P Cappuccio

Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV6 7AL (United Kingdom). f.p.cappuccio@warwick.ac.uk

Abstract

Salt consumption is now much greater than needed for survival. High salt intake increases blood pressure in both animals and humans. Conversely, a reduction in salt intake causes a dose-dependent reduction in blood pressure in men and women of all ages and ethnic groups, and in patients already on medication. The risk of strokes and heart attacks rises with increasing blood pressure, and a reduction of blood pressure with drugs reduces the risk. However, most events occur in individuals with ‘normal’ blood pressure levels. Non-pharmacological prevention is therefore the only option to reduce such events in the population at large. Reduction in population salt intake reduces the number of vascular events. It is one of the most important public health measures to reduce the global cardiovascular burden. Salt reduction policies are feasible and effective (preventive imperative), cost-saving (economic imperative), powerful, rapid, equitable (political imperative) and life-saving (moral imperative). The World Health Organization recommends reducing salt consumption by 30% globally by 2025, aiming to reduce salt consumption to less than 5g per day, eventually.

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