Gastrointestinal stromal tumour a review of literature: Difference between revisions

From Top Italian Scientists Journal
(Created blank page)
 
No edit summary
 
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a review of literature}}{{#seo:
|title=Gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a review of literature - Top Italian Scientists Journal
|description=Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are the most common of the rare non-epithelial neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, accounting for 0.1–3% of gastrointestinal malignancies.
|keywords=gastrointestinal stromal tumour; metastatic tumour; surgery, laparoscopy, GIST.
|citation_author=Pappalardo,Vincenzo; Morabito,Marika; Gianazza, Simone; Milani, Marika S.; Bardelli, Laura; Coriele, Silvia; Liepa, Linda; Fabbi, Manrica; Pavesi, Franco; Rocchi, Paolo; Reggiori, Alberto; Ardita, Vincenzo; Rausei, Stefano           
|citation_journal_title=Top Italian Scientists Journal
|citation_publication_date=2024/09/11
|citation_title=Gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a review of literature
|citation_keywords=gastrointestinal stromal tumour; metastatic tumour; surgery, laparoscopy, GIST.
|citation_publisher=Top Italian Scientists
|citation_volume=1
|citation_issue=4
|citation_doi=10.62684/PAWU8603
|citation_issn=3033-5132
|}}{| class="wikitable" style="float:right ;border:solid 1px #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa" cellpadding="5"
|+ <span style="font-size:18px;"></span>
|-
| '''Published'''
|-
| September 11, 2024
|-
| '''Title'''
|-
| style="width:200px;" | Gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a review of literature
|-
| '''Authors'''
|-
|  Vincenzo Pappalardo, Marika Morabito, Simone Gianazza,  Marika S. Milani, Laura Bardelli, Silvia Coriele, Linda Liepa, Manrica Fabbi, Franco Pavesi, Paolo Rocchi, Alberto Reggiori, Vincenzo Ardita, Stefano Rausei.
|-
| '''DOI'''
|-
| [https://doi.org/10.62684/PAWU8603 10.62684/PAWU8603]
|-
| '''Keywords'''
|-
| Gastrointestinal stromal tumour; metastatic tumour; surgery, laparoscopy, GIST.
|-
| '''Downloads'''
|-
|  style="text-align: center;" | [[File:PDF_file_icon.png|center|50px|'''Download PDF'''|link=https://journal.topitalianscientists.org/images/9/9a/Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumour_a_review_of_literature.pdf]]
|}
'''Vincenzo Pappalardo'''<sup>(a)</sup>, '''Marika Morabito'''<sup>(b)</sup>, '''Simone Gianazza'''<sup>(b)</sup>,  '''Marika S. Milani'''<sup>(a)</sup>, '''Laura Bardelli'''<sup>(a)</sup>, '''Silvia Coriele'''<sup>(a)</sup>, '''Linda Liepa'''<sup>(b)</sup>, '''Manrica Fabbi'''<sup>(a)</sup>, '''Franco Pavesi'''<sup>(a)</sup>, '''Paolo Rocchi'''<sup>(a)</sup>, '''Alberto Reggiori'''<sup>(a)</sup>, '''Vincenzo Ardita'''<sup>(c)</sup>, '''[https://www.topitalianscientists.org/tis/49138/Stefano_Rausei_-_Top_Italian_Scientist_in_Clinical_Sciences Stefano Rausei]'''<sup>(a)</sup>.


<sup>(a)</sup> Department of Surgery, Cittiglio-Angera Hospital - ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy.
<sup>(b)</sup> General, Emergency, and Transplant Surgery Unit, University of Insubria, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy.
<sup>(c)</sup> Vein Center, Vascular Surgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
''Correspondence to'': Pappalardo Vincenzo, vincenzopappalardo1@gmail.com.
==Abstract==
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are the most common of the rare non-epithelial neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, accounting for 0.1–3% of gastrointestinal malignancies. They were considered smooth muscle sarcomas until being recognized as a distinct disease in the 1990s. Interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC), also called gastrointestinal pacemaker cell, regulates the gastrointestinal tract peristalsis and is proposed to be the cell of origin for GIST. [1] The majority (95%) of GISTs are driven by gain-of-function mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases that are encoded by the proto-oncogene KIT. Various clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of GISTs, including metastatic disease. The leading treatment for GIST cases remains surgical resection. Standard first-line therapy for inoperable, metastatic or recurrent disease is the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor Imatinib. With the development of laparoscopic techniques and instruments, laparoscopy has rapidly become a preferred approach, especially for gGISTs. The indication for a laparoscopic procedure depends on the location, shape and size of the gGIST. The latest National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Guidelines suggest that a laparoscopic resection may be considered for gGISTs in favourable anatomic locations (such as the greater curvature or anterior wall of the stomach) and discourage its use in patients who have large tumours. We have done a non-systematic review of the literature of GISTs, focusing on the use of laparoscopic treatment and  all the chemotherapeutic drugs available nowadays. The purpose of this work  is to review the past year's literature to provide comprehensive information to researchers and physicians regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of GISTs, enabling clinicians to best select the diagnostic and treatment approaches to GIST.
==Declarations==
===Conflict of Interest===
The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
== References ==
<ol class="references">
<li>Miettinen M, Lasota J (2006) Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: Pathology and prognosis at different sites. Semin Diagn Pathol 23:70–83. doi: 10.1053/j.semdp.2006.09.001</li>
<li>Sircar K, Hewlett BR, Huizinga JD, et al (1999) Interstitial cells of Cajal as precursors of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 23:377–389. doi: 10.1097/00000478-199904000-00002</li>
<li>Hirota S, Isozaki K, Moriyama Y, et al (1998) Gain-of-Function Mutations of c-kit in Human Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Seiichi Hirota , Koji Isozaki ,Yasuhiro Moriyama ,. Science (80- ) 279:577–80. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5350.577</li>
<li>Kindblom LG, Remotti HE, Aldenborg F, Meis-Kindblom JM (1998) Gastrointestinal pacemaker cell tumor (GIPACT): gastrointestinal stromal tumors show phenotypic characteristics of the interstitial cells of Cajal. Am J Pathol 152:1259–69.</li>
<li>Joensuu H, Roberts PJ, Sarlomo-Rikala M, et al (2001) Effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 in a patient with a metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. N Engl J Med 344:1052–6. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200104053441404</li>
<li>Fletcher CDM, Berman JJ, Corless C, et al (2002) Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Consensus Approach. Int J Surg Pathol 10:81–89. doi: 10.1177/106689690201000201</li>
<li>Gold JS, Gönen M, Gutiérrez A, et al (2009) Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for recurrence-free survival after complete surgical resection of localised primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol 10:1045–1052. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70242-6</li>
<li>Joensuu H (2006) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Ann Oncol 17:280–286. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdl274</li>
<li>Mazur MT, Clark HB (1983) Gastric stromal tumors. Reappraisal of histogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 7:507–19</li>
<li>Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Duensing et al A (2003) PDGFRA activating mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science 299:708–10. doi: 10.1126/science.1079666
<li>Tran T, Davila JA, El-Serag HB (2005) The epidemiology of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors: An analysis of 1,458 cases from 1992 to 2000. Am J Gastroenterol 100:162–168. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40709.x</li>
<li>Miettinen M, Sobin LH, Lasota J (2005) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 1765 cases with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 29:52–68. doi: 10.1016/j.soc.2011.09.008</li>
<li>Miettinen M, Makhlouf H, Sobin LH, Lasota J (2006) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the jejunum and ileum: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 906 cases before imatinib with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 30:477–489. doi: 10.1097/00000478-200604000-00008</li>
<li>Perez EA, Livingstone AS, Franceschi D, et al (2006) Current incidence and outcomes of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors including gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Am Coll Surg 202:623–629. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.01.002</li>
<li>Steigen SE, Eide TJ (2006) Trends in incidence and survival of mesenchymal neoplasm of the digestive tract within a defined population of northern Norway. APMIS 114:192–200. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_261.x</li>
<li>Agaimy A, Wunsch PH, Hofstaedter F, et al (2007) Minute Gastric Sclerosing Stromal Tumors (GIST Tumorlets) Are Common in Adults and Frequently Show c-KIT Mutations. Am J Surg Pathol 31:113–120. doi: 10.1097/01.pas.0000213307.05811.f0</li>
<li>Miettinen M, Lasota J (2006) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: review on morphology, molecular pathology, prognosis, and differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 130:1466–1478. doi: 10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1466:GSTROM]2.0.CO;2</li>
<li>Corless CL, Fletcher JA, Heinrich MC (2004) Biology of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. J Clin Oncol 22:3813–3825. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.05.140</li>
<li>Heinrich MC, Blanke CD, Druker BJ, Corless CL (2002) Inhibition of KIT Tyrosine Kinase Activity: A Novel Molecular Approach to the Treatment of KIT-Positive Malignancies. J Clin Oncol 20:1692–1703. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2002.20.6.1692</li>
<li>Bischof DA, Kim Y, Behman R, et al (2014) A Nomogram to Predict Disease-Free Survival After Surgical Resection of GIST. J Gastrointest Surg 18:2123–2129. doi: 10.1007/s11605-014-2658-2</li>
<li>Novelli M, Rossi S, Rodriguez-Justo M, et al (2010) DOG1 and CD117 are the antibodies of choice in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Histopathology 57:259–270. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03624.x</li>
<li>Yamamoto H, Kojima A, Nagata S, et al (2011) KIT-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the abdominal soft tissue: a clinicopathologic and genetic study of 10 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 35:1287–1295. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182206f15</li>
<li>Maertens O, Prenen H, Debiec-Rychter M, et al (2006) Molecular pathogenesis of multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors in NF1 patients. Hum Mol Genet 15:1015–1023. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddl016</li>
<li>Miettinen M, Wang Z-F, Sarlomo-Rikala M, et al (2011) Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient GISTs: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 66 gastric GISTs with predilection to young age. Am J Surg Pathol 35:1712–1721. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182260752.SUCCINATE</li>
<li>Chou A, Chen J, Clarkson A, et al (2012) Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient GISTs are characterized by IGF1R overexpression. Mod Pathol 25:1307–1313. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.77</li>
<li>Italiano A, Chen C-L, Sung Y-S, et al (2012) SDHA loss of function mutations in a subset of young adult wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors. BMC Cancer 12:408. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-408</li>
<li>Daniels M, Lurkin I, Pauli R, et al (2011) Spectrum of KIT/PDGFRA/BRAF mutations and Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase pathway gene alterations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Cancer Lett 312:43–54. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.07.029</li>
<li>Miranda C, Nucifora M, Molinari F, et al (2012) KRAS and BRAF mutations predict primary resistance to imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Cancer Res 18:1769–1776. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2230</li>
<li>Ricci R, Dei Tos AP, Rindi G (2013) GISTogram: A graphic presentation of the growing GIST complexity. Virchows Arch 463:481–487. doi: 10.1007/s00428-013-1467-4
<li>Gramza AW, Corless CL, Heinrich MC (2009) Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Cancer Res 15:7510–7518. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0190</li>
<li>De Matteo RP, Lewis JJ, Leung D, et al (2000) Two hundred gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recurrence patterns and prognostic factors for survival. Ann Surg 231:51–8.</li>
<li>De Matteo RP, Gold JS, Saran L, et al (2008) Tumor mitotic rate, size, and location independently predict recurrence after resection of primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Cancer 112:608–15. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23199</li>
<li>Saponara M, Battista M Di, Lolli C, et al (2009) Evaluation of Ki-67 in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). J Clin Oncol 27:e21510–e21510. doi: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15s.e21510</li>
<li>Seidal T, Edvardsson H (1999) Expression of c-kit (CD117) and Ki67 provides information about the possible cell of origin and clinical course of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Histopathology 34:416–24.</li>
<li>Miettinen M, El-Rifai W, H L Sobin L, Lasota J (2002) Evaluation of malignancy and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a review. Hum Pathol 33:478–83.</li>
<li>Joensuu H, Vehtari A, Riihimäki J, et al (2012) Risk of recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumour after surgery: an analysis of pooled population-based cohorts. Lancet Oncol 13:265–74. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70299-6</li>
<li>Van der Zwan SM, DeMatteo RP (2005) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: 5 years later. Cancer 104:1781–1788. doi: 10.1002/cncr.21419</li>
<li>Clinical E, Guidelines P (2014) Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 25:iii21-iii26. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu255</li>
<li>Boni L, Benevento A, Dionigi G, et al (2005) Surgical resection for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): experience on 25 patients. World J Surg Oncol 3:78. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-3-78</li>
<li>Bucher P, Egger J-F, Gervaz P, et al (2006) An audit of surgical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST). Eur J Surg Oncol 32:310–4. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2005.11.021</li>
<li>Knoop M, St Friedrichs K, Dierschke J (2000) Surgical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach. Langenbecks Arch Surg 385:194–198.</li>
<li>Kosmadakis N, Visvardis E-E, Kartsaklis P, et al (2005) The role of surgery in the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in the era of imatinib mesylate effectiveness. Surg Oncol 14:75–84. doi: 10.1016/j.suronc.2005.05.002</li>
<li>Lehnert T, Sinn HP, Waldherr R, Herfarth C (1990) Surgical treatment of soft tissue tumors of the stomach. Eur J Surg Oncol 16:352–9.</li>
<li>Peiper M, Schröder S, Zornig C (1998) Stromal sarcoma of the stomach--a report of 20 surgically treated patients. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg 383:442–6.</li>
<li>Kawanowa K, Sakuma Y, Sakurai S, et al (2006) High incidence of microscopic gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the stomach. Hum Pathol 37:1527–1535. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.07.002</li>
<li>Davila RE, Faigel DO (2003) GI stromal tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 58:80–88. doi: 10.1067/mge.2003.317</li>
<li>Sepe PS, Brugge WR (2009) A guide for the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal stromal cell tumors. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 6:363–371. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2009.43</li>
<li>Sun S, Ge N, Wang C, et al (2007) Endoscopic band ligation of small gastric stromal tumors and follow-up by endoscopic ultrasonography. Surg Endosc 21:574–578. doi: 10.1007/s00464-006-9028-4</li>
<li>Fong Y, Coit DG, Woodruff JM, Brennan MF (1993) Lymph node metastasis from soft tissue sarcoma in adults. Analysis of data from a prospective database of 1772 sarcoma patients. Ann Surg 217:72–7.</li>
<li>Katai H, Sasako M, Sano T, Maruyama K (1997) Wedge resection of the stomach for gastric leiomyosarcoma. Br J Surg 84:560–1.</li>
<li>Eisenberg BL, Judson I (2004) Surgery and imatinib in the management of GIST: emerging approaches to adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy. Ann Surg Oncol 11:465–75. doi: 10.1245/ASO.2004.09.011</li>
<li>Rutkowski P, Nowecki Z, Nyckowski P, et al (2006) Surgical treatment of patients with initially inoperable and/or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) during therapy with imatinib mesylate. J Surg Oncol 93:304–311. doi: 10.1002/jso.20466</li>
<li>Chen H, Pruitt A, Nicol TL, et al Complete hepatic resection of metastases from leiomyosarcoma prolongs survival. J Gastrointest Surg 2:151–5.</li>
<li>von Mehren M, Randall RL, Benjamin RS, et al (2016) Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Version 2.2016, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14:758–86.</li>
<li>Aogi K, Hirai T, Mukaida H, et al (1999) Laparoscopic resection of submucosal gastric tumors. Surg Today 29:102–6. doi: 10.1007/BF02482232</li>
<li>Bédard ELR, Mamazza J, Schlachta CM, Poulin EC (2006) Laparoscopic resection of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: not all tumors are created equal. Surg Endosc 20:500–3. doi: 10.1007/s00464-005-0287-2</li>
<li>Hindmarsh A, Koo B, Lewis MPN, Rhodes M (2005) Laparoscopic resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Surg Endosc 19:1109–1112. doi: 10.1007/s00464-004-8168-7</li>
<li>Kitano S, Shiraishi N (2005) Minimally invasive surgery for gastric tumors. Surg Clin North Am 85:151–164, xi. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2004.09.004</li>
<li>Nguyen SQ, Divino CM, Wang J-L, Dikman SH (2006) Laparoscopic management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Surg Endosc 20:713–716. doi: 10.1007/s00464-005-0435-8</li>
<li>Rosen MJ, Heniford BT (2005) Endoluminal gastric surgery: the modern era of minimally invasive surgery. Surg Clin North Am 85:989–1007, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2005.05.010</li>
<li>Chen Y-H, Liu K-H, Yeh C-N, et al (2012) Laparoscopic Resection of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Safe, Efficient, and Comparable Oncologic Outcomes. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 22:758–763. doi: 10.1089/lap.2012.0115</li>
<li>Piessen G, Lefèvre JH, Cabau M, et al (2015) Laparoscopic Versus Open Surgery for Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: What Is the Impact on Postoperative Outcome and Oncologic Results? Ann Surg 262:831-9-40. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001488</li>
<li>Chen Q-L, Pan Y, Cai J-Q, et al (2014) Laparoscopic versus open resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 12:206. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-206</li>
<li>Bonvalot S, Eldweny H, Péchoux C Le, et al (2006) Impact of surgery on advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in the imatinib era. Ann Surg Oncol 13:1596–1603. doi: 10.1245/s10434-006-9047-3</li>
<li>De Matteo RP, Ballman KV, Antonescu CR, Corless C, Kolesnikova V, von Mehren M, McCarter MD, Norton J, Maki RG, Pisters PW, Demetri GD, Brennan MF OKAC of SOG (ACOSOG) IAGST for the A for CT in O (2013) Long-term results of adjuvant imatinib mesylate in localized, high-risk, primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): ACOSOG Z9000 (Alliance) intergroup phase 2 trial. Ann Surg 258:422–429. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182a15eb7.Long-term</li>
<li>De Matteo RP, Ballman K V, Ph D, et al (2009) Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial of Adjuvant Imatinib Mesylate Following the Resection of Localized, Primary Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST). Lancet 373:1097–1104. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60500-6.Placebo-Controlled</li>
<li>Ng EH, Pollock RE, Munsell MF, et al (1992) Prognostic factors influencing survival in gastrointestinal leiomyosarcomas. Implications for surgical management and staging. Ann Surg 215:68–77.</li>
<li>Hasegawa J, Kanda T, Hirota S, et al (2007) Surgical interventions for focal progression of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors during imatinib therapy. Int J Clin Oncol 12:212–217. doi: 10.1007/s10147-007-0657-y</li>
<li>De Matteo RP, Maki RG, Singer S, et al (2007) Results of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy Followed by Surgical Resection for Metastatic Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. Ann Surg 245:347–352. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000236630.93587.59</li>
<li>Bauer S, Rutkowski P, Hohenberger P, et al (2014) Long-term follow-up of patients with GIST undergoing metastasectomy in the era of imatinib - Analysis of prognostic factors (EORTC-STBSG collaborative study). Eur J Surg Oncol 40:412–419. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2013.12.020</li>
<li>Mussi C, Ronellenfitsch U, Jakob J, et al (2010) Post-imatinib surgery in advanced/metastatic GIST: is it worthwhile in all patients? Ann Oncol  Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol 21:403–8. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdp310</li>
<li>Raut CP, Posner M, Desai J, et al (2006) Surgical management of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors after treatment with targeted systemic therapy using kinase inhibitors. J Clin Oncol 24:2325–2331. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.3439</li>
<li>Raut CP, Wang Q, Manola J, et al (2010) Cytoreductive surgery in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor treated with sunitinib malate. Ann Surg Oncol 17:407–415. doi: 10.1245/s10434-009-0784-y</li>
<li>Corbin KS, Kindler HL, Liauw SL (2014) Considering the role of radiation therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Onco Targets Ther 7:713–8. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S36873</li>
<li>Ye Y jiang, Gao Z dong, Poston GJ, Wang S (2009) Diagnosis and multi-disciplinary management of hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST). Eur J Surg Oncol 35:787–792. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2009.01.003</li>
<li>Maluccio MA, Covey AM, Schubert J, et al (2006) Treatment of metastatic sarcoma to the liver with bland embolization. Cancer 107:1617–23. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22191</li>
<li>Kobayashi K, Szklaruk J, Trent JC, et al (2009) Hepatic arterial embolization and chemoembolization for imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am J Clin Oncol 32:574–81. doi: 10.1097/COC.0b013e31819cca35</li>
<li>Avritscher R, Gupta S (2009) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: role of interventional radiology in diagnosis and treatment. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 23:129–37, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.hoc.2008.11.002</li>
<li>Jones RL, McCall J, Adam A, et al (2010) Radiofrequency ablation is a feasible therapeutic option in the multi modality management of sarcoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 36:477–482. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2009.12.005</li>
<li>Rathmann N, Diehl SJ, Dinter D, et al (2015) Radioembolization in patients with progressive gastrointestinal stromal tumor liver metastases undergoing treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. J Vasc Interv Radiol 26:231–238. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.09.020</li>
<li>Cassier PA, Fumagalli E, Rutkowski P, et al (2012) Outcome of patients with platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era. Clin Cancer Res 18:4458–4464. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3025</li>
<li>George S, Wang Q, Heinrich MC, et al (2012) Efficacy and safety of regorafenib in patients with metastatic and/or unresectable GI stromal tumor after failure of imatinib and sunitinib: a multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 30:2401–7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.39.9394</li>
<li>Demetri GD, Reichardt P, Kang Y-K, et al (2013) Efficacy and safety of regorafenib for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours after failure of imatinib and sunitinib (GRID): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England) 381:295–302. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61857-1</li>
<li>Montemurro M, Gelderblom H, Bitz U, et al (2013) Sorafenib as third- or fourth-line treatment of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour and pretreatment including both imatinib and sunitinib, and nilotinib: A retrospective analysis. Eur J Cancer 49:1027–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.10.009</li>
<li>Heinrich MC, vonMehren M, Demetri GD, et al (2014) A phase 2 study of ponatinib in patients (pts) with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) after failure of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy: Initial report. J Clin Oncol 32:10506. doi: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.10506</li>
<li>Cortes JE, Kim D-W, Pinilla-Ibarz J, et al (2013) A phase 2 trial of ponatinib in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med 369:1783–96. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306494</li>
<li>Reichardt P, Blay JY, Gelderblom H, et al (2012) Phase III study of nilotinib versus best supportive care with or without a TKI in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors resistant to or intolerant of imatinib and sunitinib. Ann Oncol 23:1680–1687. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdr598</li>
<li>Blay J-Y, Shen L, Kang Y-K, et al (2015) Nilotinib versus imatinib as first-line therapy for patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours (ENESTg1): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 16:550–60. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70105-1</li>
<li>Belinsky MG, Rink L, Flieder DB, et al (2013) Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and frequent mutational inactivation of SDHA in wild-type SDHB-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 52:214–24. doi: 10.1002/gcc.22023</li>
</ol>
[[Category:Open Access]]
[[Category:Review]]
[[Category:Clinical Sciences]]

Latest revision as of 07:45, 12 September 2024

Published
September 11, 2024
Title
Gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a review of literature
Authors
Vincenzo Pappalardo, Marika Morabito, Simone Gianazza, Marika S. Milani, Laura Bardelli, Silvia Coriele, Linda Liepa, Manrica Fabbi, Franco Pavesi, Paolo Rocchi, Alberto Reggiori, Vincenzo Ardita, Stefano Rausei.
DOI
10.62684/PAWU8603
Keywords
Gastrointestinal stromal tumour; metastatic tumour; surgery, laparoscopy, GIST.
Downloads
Download PDF
Download PDF

Vincenzo Pappalardo(a), Marika Morabito(b), Simone Gianazza(b), Marika S. Milani(a), Laura Bardelli(a), Silvia Coriele(a), Linda Liepa(b), Manrica Fabbi(a), Franco Pavesi(a), Paolo Rocchi(a), Alberto Reggiori(a), Vincenzo Ardita(c), Stefano Rausei(a).


(a) Department of Surgery, Cittiglio-Angera Hospital - ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy.

(b) General, Emergency, and Transplant Surgery Unit, University of Insubria, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy.

(c) Vein Center, Vascular Surgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.

Correspondence to: Pappalardo Vincenzo, vincenzopappalardo1@gmail.com.

Abstract

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are the most common of the rare non-epithelial neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, accounting for 0.1–3% of gastrointestinal malignancies. They were considered smooth muscle sarcomas until being recognized as a distinct disease in the 1990s. Interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC), also called gastrointestinal pacemaker cell, regulates the gastrointestinal tract peristalsis and is proposed to be the cell of origin for GIST. [1] The majority (95%) of GISTs are driven by gain-of-function mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases that are encoded by the proto-oncogene KIT. Various clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of GISTs, including metastatic disease. The leading treatment for GIST cases remains surgical resection. Standard first-line therapy for inoperable, metastatic or recurrent disease is the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor Imatinib. With the development of laparoscopic techniques and instruments, laparoscopy has rapidly become a preferred approach, especially for gGISTs. The indication for a laparoscopic procedure depends on the location, shape and size of the gGIST. The latest National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Guidelines suggest that a laparoscopic resection may be considered for gGISTs in favourable anatomic locations (such as the greater curvature or anterior wall of the stomach) and discourage its use in patients who have large tumours. We have done a non-systematic review of the literature of GISTs, focusing on the use of laparoscopic treatment and all the chemotherapeutic drugs available nowadays. The purpose of this work is to review the past year's literature to provide comprehensive information to researchers and physicians regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of GISTs, enabling clinicians to best select the diagnostic and treatment approaches to GIST.

Declarations

Conflict of Interest

The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Miettinen M, Lasota J (2006) Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: Pathology and prognosis at different sites. Semin Diagn Pathol 23:70–83. doi: 10.1053/j.semdp.2006.09.001
  2. Sircar K, Hewlett BR, Huizinga JD, et al (1999) Interstitial cells of Cajal as precursors of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 23:377–389. doi: 10.1097/00000478-199904000-00002
  3. Hirota S, Isozaki K, Moriyama Y, et al (1998) Gain-of-Function Mutations of c-kit in Human Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Seiichi Hirota , Koji Isozaki ,Yasuhiro Moriyama ,. Science (80- ) 279:577–80. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5350.577
  4. Kindblom LG, Remotti HE, Aldenborg F, Meis-Kindblom JM (1998) Gastrointestinal pacemaker cell tumor (GIPACT): gastrointestinal stromal tumors show phenotypic characteristics of the interstitial cells of Cajal. Am J Pathol 152:1259–69.
  5. Joensuu H, Roberts PJ, Sarlomo-Rikala M, et al (2001) Effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 in a patient with a metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. N Engl J Med 344:1052–6. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200104053441404
  6. Fletcher CDM, Berman JJ, Corless C, et al (2002) Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Consensus Approach. Int J Surg Pathol 10:81–89. doi: 10.1177/106689690201000201
  7. Gold JS, Gönen M, Gutiérrez A, et al (2009) Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for recurrence-free survival after complete surgical resection of localised primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol 10:1045–1052. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70242-6
  8. Joensuu H (2006) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Ann Oncol 17:280–286. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdl274
  9. Mazur MT, Clark HB (1983) Gastric stromal tumors. Reappraisal of histogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 7:507–19
  10. Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Duensing et al A (2003) PDGFRA activating mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science 299:708–10. doi: 10.1126/science.1079666
  11. Tran T, Davila JA, El-Serag HB (2005) The epidemiology of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors: An analysis of 1,458 cases from 1992 to 2000. Am J Gastroenterol 100:162–168. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40709.x
  12. Miettinen M, Sobin LH, Lasota J (2005) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 1765 cases with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 29:52–68. doi: 10.1016/j.soc.2011.09.008
  13. Miettinen M, Makhlouf H, Sobin LH, Lasota J (2006) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the jejunum and ileum: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 906 cases before imatinib with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 30:477–489. doi: 10.1097/00000478-200604000-00008
  14. Perez EA, Livingstone AS, Franceschi D, et al (2006) Current incidence and outcomes of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors including gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Am Coll Surg 202:623–629. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.01.002
  15. Steigen SE, Eide TJ (2006) Trends in incidence and survival of mesenchymal neoplasm of the digestive tract within a defined population of northern Norway. APMIS 114:192–200. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_261.x
  16. Agaimy A, Wunsch PH, Hofstaedter F, et al (2007) Minute Gastric Sclerosing Stromal Tumors (GIST Tumorlets) Are Common in Adults and Frequently Show c-KIT Mutations. Am J Surg Pathol 31:113–120. doi: 10.1097/01.pas.0000213307.05811.f0
  17. Miettinen M, Lasota J (2006) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: review on morphology, molecular pathology, prognosis, and differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 130:1466–1478. doi: 10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1466:GSTROM]2.0.CO;2
  18. Corless CL, Fletcher JA, Heinrich MC (2004) Biology of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. J Clin Oncol 22:3813–3825. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.05.140
  19. Heinrich MC, Blanke CD, Druker BJ, Corless CL (2002) Inhibition of KIT Tyrosine Kinase Activity: A Novel Molecular Approach to the Treatment of KIT-Positive Malignancies. J Clin Oncol 20:1692–1703. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2002.20.6.1692
  20. Bischof DA, Kim Y, Behman R, et al (2014) A Nomogram to Predict Disease-Free Survival After Surgical Resection of GIST. J Gastrointest Surg 18:2123–2129. doi: 10.1007/s11605-014-2658-2
  21. Novelli M, Rossi S, Rodriguez-Justo M, et al (2010) DOG1 and CD117 are the antibodies of choice in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Histopathology 57:259–270. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03624.x
  22. Yamamoto H, Kojima A, Nagata S, et al (2011) KIT-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the abdominal soft tissue: a clinicopathologic and genetic study of 10 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 35:1287–1295. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182206f15
  23. Maertens O, Prenen H, Debiec-Rychter M, et al (2006) Molecular pathogenesis of multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors in NF1 patients. Hum Mol Genet 15:1015–1023. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddl016
  24. Miettinen M, Wang Z-F, Sarlomo-Rikala M, et al (2011) Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient GISTs: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 66 gastric GISTs with predilection to young age. Am J Surg Pathol 35:1712–1721. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182260752.SUCCINATE
  25. Chou A, Chen J, Clarkson A, et al (2012) Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient GISTs are characterized by IGF1R overexpression. Mod Pathol 25:1307–1313. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.77
  26. Italiano A, Chen C-L, Sung Y-S, et al (2012) SDHA loss of function mutations in a subset of young adult wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors. BMC Cancer 12:408. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-408
  27. Daniels M, Lurkin I, Pauli R, et al (2011) Spectrum of KIT/PDGFRA/BRAF mutations and Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase pathway gene alterations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Cancer Lett 312:43–54. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.07.029
  28. Miranda C, Nucifora M, Molinari F, et al (2012) KRAS and BRAF mutations predict primary resistance to imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Cancer Res 18:1769–1776. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2230
  29. Ricci R, Dei Tos AP, Rindi G (2013) GISTogram: A graphic presentation of the growing GIST complexity. Virchows Arch 463:481–487. doi: 10.1007/s00428-013-1467-4
  30. Gramza AW, Corless CL, Heinrich MC (2009) Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Cancer Res 15:7510–7518. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0190
  31. De Matteo RP, Lewis JJ, Leung D, et al (2000) Two hundred gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recurrence patterns and prognostic factors for survival. Ann Surg 231:51–8.
  32. De Matteo RP, Gold JS, Saran L, et al (2008) Tumor mitotic rate, size, and location independently predict recurrence after resection of primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Cancer 112:608–15. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23199
  33. Saponara M, Battista M Di, Lolli C, et al (2009) Evaluation of Ki-67 in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). J Clin Oncol 27:e21510–e21510. doi: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15s.e21510
  34. Seidal T, Edvardsson H (1999) Expression of c-kit (CD117) and Ki67 provides information about the possible cell of origin and clinical course of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Histopathology 34:416–24.
  35. Miettinen M, El-Rifai W, H L Sobin L, Lasota J (2002) Evaluation of malignancy and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a review. Hum Pathol 33:478–83.
  36. Joensuu H, Vehtari A, Riihimäki J, et al (2012) Risk of recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumour after surgery: an analysis of pooled population-based cohorts. Lancet Oncol 13:265–74. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70299-6
  37. Van der Zwan SM, DeMatteo RP (2005) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: 5 years later. Cancer 104:1781–1788. doi: 10.1002/cncr.21419
  38. Clinical E, Guidelines P (2014) Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 25:iii21-iii26. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu255
  39. Boni L, Benevento A, Dionigi G, et al (2005) Surgical resection for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): experience on 25 patients. World J Surg Oncol 3:78. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-3-78
  40. Bucher P, Egger J-F, Gervaz P, et al (2006) An audit of surgical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST). Eur J Surg Oncol 32:310–4. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2005.11.021
  41. Knoop M, St Friedrichs K, Dierschke J (2000) Surgical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach. Langenbecks Arch Surg 385:194–198.
  42. Kosmadakis N, Visvardis E-E, Kartsaklis P, et al (2005) The role of surgery in the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in the era of imatinib mesylate effectiveness. Surg Oncol 14:75–84. doi: 10.1016/j.suronc.2005.05.002
  43. Lehnert T, Sinn HP, Waldherr R, Herfarth C (1990) Surgical treatment of soft tissue tumors of the stomach. Eur J Surg Oncol 16:352–9.
  44. Peiper M, Schröder S, Zornig C (1998) Stromal sarcoma of the stomach--a report of 20 surgically treated patients. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg 383:442–6.
  45. Kawanowa K, Sakuma Y, Sakurai S, et al (2006) High incidence of microscopic gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the stomach. Hum Pathol 37:1527–1535. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.07.002
  46. Davila RE, Faigel DO (2003) GI stromal tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 58:80–88. doi: 10.1067/mge.2003.317
  47. Sepe PS, Brugge WR (2009) A guide for the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal stromal cell tumors. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 6:363–371. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2009.43
  48. Sun S, Ge N, Wang C, et al (2007) Endoscopic band ligation of small gastric stromal tumors and follow-up by endoscopic ultrasonography. Surg Endosc 21:574–578. doi: 10.1007/s00464-006-9028-4
  49. Fong Y, Coit DG, Woodruff JM, Brennan MF (1993) Lymph node metastasis from soft tissue sarcoma in adults. Analysis of data from a prospective database of 1772 sarcoma patients. Ann Surg 217:72–7.
  50. Katai H, Sasako M, Sano T, Maruyama K (1997) Wedge resection of the stomach for gastric leiomyosarcoma. Br J Surg 84:560–1.
  51. Eisenberg BL, Judson I (2004) Surgery and imatinib in the management of GIST: emerging approaches to adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy. Ann Surg Oncol 11:465–75. doi: 10.1245/ASO.2004.09.011
  52. Rutkowski P, Nowecki Z, Nyckowski P, et al (2006) Surgical treatment of patients with initially inoperable and/or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) during therapy with imatinib mesylate. J Surg Oncol 93:304–311. doi: 10.1002/jso.20466
  53. Chen H, Pruitt A, Nicol TL, et al Complete hepatic resection of metastases from leiomyosarcoma prolongs survival. J Gastrointest Surg 2:151–5.
  54. von Mehren M, Randall RL, Benjamin RS, et al (2016) Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Version 2.2016, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14:758–86.
  55. Aogi K, Hirai T, Mukaida H, et al (1999) Laparoscopic resection of submucosal gastric tumors. Surg Today 29:102–6. doi: 10.1007/BF02482232
  56. Bédard ELR, Mamazza J, Schlachta CM, Poulin EC (2006) Laparoscopic resection of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: not all tumors are created equal. Surg Endosc 20:500–3. doi: 10.1007/s00464-005-0287-2
  57. Hindmarsh A, Koo B, Lewis MPN, Rhodes M (2005) Laparoscopic resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Surg Endosc 19:1109–1112. doi: 10.1007/s00464-004-8168-7
  58. Kitano S, Shiraishi N (2005) Minimally invasive surgery for gastric tumors. Surg Clin North Am 85:151–164, xi. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2004.09.004
  59. Nguyen SQ, Divino CM, Wang J-L, Dikman SH (2006) Laparoscopic management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Surg Endosc 20:713–716. doi: 10.1007/s00464-005-0435-8
  60. Rosen MJ, Heniford BT (2005) Endoluminal gastric surgery: the modern era of minimally invasive surgery. Surg Clin North Am 85:989–1007, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2005.05.010
  61. Chen Y-H, Liu K-H, Yeh C-N, et al (2012) Laparoscopic Resection of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Safe, Efficient, and Comparable Oncologic Outcomes. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 22:758–763. doi: 10.1089/lap.2012.0115
  62. Piessen G, Lefèvre JH, Cabau M, et al (2015) Laparoscopic Versus Open Surgery for Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: What Is the Impact on Postoperative Outcome and Oncologic Results? Ann Surg 262:831-9-40. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001488
  63. Chen Q-L, Pan Y, Cai J-Q, et al (2014) Laparoscopic versus open resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 12:206. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-206
  64. Bonvalot S, Eldweny H, Péchoux C Le, et al (2006) Impact of surgery on advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in the imatinib era. Ann Surg Oncol 13:1596–1603. doi: 10.1245/s10434-006-9047-3
  65. De Matteo RP, Ballman KV, Antonescu CR, Corless C, Kolesnikova V, von Mehren M, McCarter MD, Norton J, Maki RG, Pisters PW, Demetri GD, Brennan MF OKAC of SOG (ACOSOG) IAGST for the A for CT in O (2013) Long-term results of adjuvant imatinib mesylate in localized, high-risk, primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): ACOSOG Z9000 (Alliance) intergroup phase 2 trial. Ann Surg 258:422–429. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182a15eb7.Long-term
  66. De Matteo RP, Ballman K V, Ph D, et al (2009) Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial of Adjuvant Imatinib Mesylate Following the Resection of Localized, Primary Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST). Lancet 373:1097–1104. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60500-6.Placebo-Controlled
  67. Ng EH, Pollock RE, Munsell MF, et al (1992) Prognostic factors influencing survival in gastrointestinal leiomyosarcomas. Implications for surgical management and staging. Ann Surg 215:68–77.
  68. Hasegawa J, Kanda T, Hirota S, et al (2007) Surgical interventions for focal progression of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors during imatinib therapy. Int J Clin Oncol 12:212–217. doi: 10.1007/s10147-007-0657-y
  69. De Matteo RP, Maki RG, Singer S, et al (2007) Results of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy Followed by Surgical Resection for Metastatic Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. Ann Surg 245:347–352. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000236630.93587.59
  70. Bauer S, Rutkowski P, Hohenberger P, et al (2014) Long-term follow-up of patients with GIST undergoing metastasectomy in the era of imatinib - Analysis of prognostic factors (EORTC-STBSG collaborative study). Eur J Surg Oncol 40:412–419. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2013.12.020
  71. Mussi C, Ronellenfitsch U, Jakob J, et al (2010) Post-imatinib surgery in advanced/metastatic GIST: is it worthwhile in all patients? Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol 21:403–8. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdp310
  72. Raut CP, Posner M, Desai J, et al (2006) Surgical management of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors after treatment with targeted systemic therapy using kinase inhibitors. J Clin Oncol 24:2325–2331. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.3439
  73. Raut CP, Wang Q, Manola J, et al (2010) Cytoreductive surgery in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor treated with sunitinib malate. Ann Surg Oncol 17:407–415. doi: 10.1245/s10434-009-0784-y
  74. Corbin KS, Kindler HL, Liauw SL (2014) Considering the role of radiation therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Onco Targets Ther 7:713–8. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S36873
  75. Ye Y jiang, Gao Z dong, Poston GJ, Wang S (2009) Diagnosis and multi-disciplinary management of hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST). Eur J Surg Oncol 35:787–792. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2009.01.003
  76. Maluccio MA, Covey AM, Schubert J, et al (2006) Treatment of metastatic sarcoma to the liver with bland embolization. Cancer 107:1617–23. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22191
  77. Kobayashi K, Szklaruk J, Trent JC, et al (2009) Hepatic arterial embolization and chemoembolization for imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am J Clin Oncol 32:574–81. doi: 10.1097/COC.0b013e31819cca35
  78. Avritscher R, Gupta S (2009) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: role of interventional radiology in diagnosis and treatment. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 23:129–37, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.hoc.2008.11.002
  79. Jones RL, McCall J, Adam A, et al (2010) Radiofrequency ablation is a feasible therapeutic option in the multi modality management of sarcoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 36:477–482. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2009.12.005
  80. Rathmann N, Diehl SJ, Dinter D, et al (2015) Radioembolization in patients with progressive gastrointestinal stromal tumor liver metastases undergoing treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. J Vasc Interv Radiol 26:231–238. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.09.020
  81. Cassier PA, Fumagalli E, Rutkowski P, et al (2012) Outcome of patients with platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era. Clin Cancer Res 18:4458–4464. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3025
  82. George S, Wang Q, Heinrich MC, et al (2012) Efficacy and safety of regorafenib in patients with metastatic and/or unresectable GI stromal tumor after failure of imatinib and sunitinib: a multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 30:2401–7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.39.9394
  83. Demetri GD, Reichardt P, Kang Y-K, et al (2013) Efficacy and safety of regorafenib for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours after failure of imatinib and sunitinib (GRID): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England) 381:295–302. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61857-1
  84. Montemurro M, Gelderblom H, Bitz U, et al (2013) Sorafenib as third- or fourth-line treatment of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour and pretreatment including both imatinib and sunitinib, and nilotinib: A retrospective analysis. Eur J Cancer 49:1027–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.10.009
  85. Heinrich MC, vonMehren M, Demetri GD, et al (2014) A phase 2 study of ponatinib in patients (pts) with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) after failure of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy: Initial report. J Clin Oncol 32:10506. doi: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.10506
  86. Cortes JE, Kim D-W, Pinilla-Ibarz J, et al (2013) A phase 2 trial of ponatinib in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med 369:1783–96. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306494
  87. Reichardt P, Blay JY, Gelderblom H, et al (2012) Phase III study of nilotinib versus best supportive care with or without a TKI in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors resistant to or intolerant of imatinib and sunitinib. Ann Oncol 23:1680–1687. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdr598
  88. Blay J-Y, Shen L, Kang Y-K, et al (2015) Nilotinib versus imatinib as first-line therapy for patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours (ENESTg1): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 16:550–60. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70105-1
  89. Belinsky MG, Rink L, Flieder DB, et al (2013) Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and frequent mutational inactivation of SDHA in wild-type SDHB-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 52:214–24. doi: 10.1002/gcc.22023
Retrieved from ‘https://journal.topitalianscientists.org/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumour_a_review_of_literature&oldid=1555’