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{{DISPLAYTITLE:The “Black Swan Principle” and the Genetics of Complex Diseases}}
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|title=The “Black Swan Principle” and the Genetics of Complex Diseases - Top Italian Scientists Journal
|description=The black swan principle is a philosophy theory created by Nassim Nicholas Taleb that seeks to explain rare and unpredictable events, appearances that seem to defy logic or rational explanation.
|keywords=Black Swan Principle; Genetics of Complex Diseases
|citation_author=Novelli, Giuseppe; Reichardt, Juergen K V
|citation_journal_title=Top Italian Scientists Journal 
|citation_publication_date=2024/01/13 
|citation_title=The “Black Swan Principle” and the Genetics of Complex Diseases 
|citation_keywords=Black Swan Principle; Genetics of Complex Diseases
|citation_publisher=Top Italian Scientists
|citation_volume=1
|citation_issue=1
|citation_issn=3033-5132
|citation_doi=10.62684/YEWJ9912
|}}
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| '''Published'''
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| January 13, 2024
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| '''Title''' 
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| style="width:200px;" | The “Black Swan Principle” and the Genetics of Complex Diseases
|- 
| '''Authors'''
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|   Giuseppe Novelli, Juergen K V Reichardt
|- 
| '''DOI'''
|-
| [https://doi.org/10.62684/YEWJ9912 10.62684/YEWJ9912]
|-
| '''Keywords'''
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| Black Swan Principle; Genetics of Complex Diseases
|-
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'''[https://topitalianscientists.org/tis/2359/Giuseppe_Novelli_-_Top_Italian_Scientist_in_Biomedical_Sciences Giuseppe Novelli]'''<sup>(a)</sup>, '''Juergen K V Reichardt'''<sup>(b)</sup>

<sup>(a)</sup>Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, 89557, Reno, NV, USA.

<sup>(b)</sup>Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia.

''Correspondence to'': novelli@med.uniroma2.it

==Abstract==
The black swan principle is a philosophy theory created by Nassim Nicholas Taleb that seeks to explain rare and unpredictable events, appearances that seem to defy logic or rational explanation. These events, termed "Black Swans," have been observed in various domains, including finance, public administration, infectious diseases, and ecology. The concept of Black Swans has gained recently, significant attention in academia and practice due to its relevance in understanding extreme and rare occurrences. The “black swan” concept has been used in genetics for the unexpected developments that genome sequencing would reveal and which could have consequences for healthcare systems (e.g., increase in often unnecessary and inappropriate diagnostic investigations, increase in non-patients, etc.).

==Declarations==
===Acknowledgements===
The studies of G.N. on complex diseases are supported by grants of HORIZON-HLTH-2021-DISEASE-04 program under grant agreement 01057100 (UNDINE) and HEAL ITALIA
Health Extended ALliance for Innovative Therapies, Advanced Lab-research, and Integrated Approaches of Precision Medicine, PNRR MUR, Mission 4 Component 2.

===Conflict of Interest===
The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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